This study examines the sharing of misinformation and public engagement on X (formerly Twitter) by politicians in Germany, Italy, the UK, and the US during 2020-2021. Results reveal significant cross-country variation, with Italian and US politicians sharing the most misinformation in both relative and absolute terms. Public engagement with misinformation also varied, with Italy standing out for heightened interactions with crisis-related misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Far-right and conservative legislators emerged as the primary sources of misinformation, aligning with prior research. These findings highlight substantial heterogeneity in misinformation dynamics across political systems and emphasize the need for targeted interventions.

The Reverse Charge (RC) mechanism in VAT shifts tax responsibility to retailers and maintains third-party reporting, aiming to reduce VAT tax gaps. Research using Italian firm-level data shows that RC increases reported value added by 20 percent. This effect is stronger for small firms and those previously near zero tax liability, as RC reduces under-reporting incentives. For larger firms, RC limits over-reporting of purchases, boosting reported value added overall.

The EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) is the largest cap-and-trade scheme for CO2 emissions. This study evaluates the impact of Phase 3’s increased stringency, which significantly reduced the number of freely allocated emissions permits. Our analysis shows that purchasing additional EU Allowances (EUA) had a substantial impact on emissions reduction, with a conservative estimate of 422 MtCO2-eq, 4.3%-3.0% of EU ETS emissions in Phases 2 and 3 respectively. Derogation 10c, which allowed lower-income Member States to continue free EUA allocation, had a detrimental impact on emission reduction, leading to an increase in emissions of about half a ton for each additional allowance bought (instead of the decrease of half a ton observed in other countries). Our analysis finds no negative impact on output, capital productivity, or labour productivity. Our results support the reduction of free EUA allocation and tightening of regulations in Phase 4 of the EU ETS.

In a model that allows for both demand- and supply-side considerations, we examine the consequences, for the structure of income tax, and for tax authority anti-avoidance efforts, of the growth of mass-marketed tax avoidance schemes occurred in recent years.

We study tax avoidance and tax evasion in a intertemporal setting. Our model shows that non-compliance behaviour may result in a Laffer curve for fiscal revenues and that the revenue-maximizing tax rate is lower the more effective is avoidance at shielding taxpayers from fines.

This EPRS study looks at whether, and under what conditions, greater effectiveness could be achieved in overall public spending at all levels of the European Union through greater pooling of resources at European level. It suggests that added value can be realised in public spending, through efficiency gains and lower administrative costs, delivered by and through the EU budget, usually with corresponding savings to national budgets. The study provides a methodology for assessing the ‘waste rate’ in overlapping national spending and analyses four policy areas, with the potential to realise gains of around 180 billion euros.

In this contribution it is investigated the impact of social interaction on optimal evasion and assessed the audit revenue gains that may be obtained by targeting audit using social network information.

This paper extends the analysis undertook in Optimal Income Tax Enforcement in the Presence of Tax Avoidance

An analysis of optimal tax enforcement policy when taxpayer may engage in both avoidance and evasion.

In this contribution it is studied the optimal avoidance decision when taxpayers evaluate their utility relative to a benchmark or “reference” level of income.